Drug of choice▪️DERMATOLOGY

Drug of choice
DERMATOLOGY

▪️Drug of choice for taenia - Topical azoles (Eg: clotriamazole)

▪️Drug of choice for erythrodermic psoriasis - Methotrexate

▪️Drug of choice for psoriatic arthropathy - Methotrexate

▪️Drug of choice for severe psoriasis - Methotrexate 22

▪️Drug of choice for severe erythrodermic psoriasis - Cyclosporine

▪️Drug of choice for pustular psoriasis - Retinoid

▪️Drug of choice for impetigo herpetiformis - Systemic Steroids

▪️Drug of choice for dermatitis herpetiformis - Dapsone Creams & Moisturizers

▪️Treatment of choice for subacute eczema -

▪️Treatment of choice for chronic eczema - Ointment

▪️Drug of choice for impetigo - Mupirocin

▪️Drug of choice for solar lentigenes - Tretinoin

▪️Drug of choice for chancroid - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for pemphigus vulgaris - Prednisolone

▪️Drug of choice for vitiligo - Corticosteroids

▪️Drug of choice for atopic dermatitis - Topical corticosteroids

▪️Drug of choice for severe excerebation of atopic dermatitis - Systemic corticosteroids

▪️Drug of choice for reducing recurrence of melanoma - Alpha interferon with vaccine

▪️Drug of choice for lichen simplex chronicus - Corticosteroids

▪️Drug of choice for seborrhic dermatitis in scalp - Selenium shampoo

▪️Drug of choice for acne rosacea - Oral tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for tinea capitis - Griseofulvin

▪️ Drug of choice for the scleroderma induced hypertensive crisis - Ace inhibitors (Eg:Captopril, Enapril etc)

▪️Treatment of choice for lichen planus - Topical glucocorticoids

▪️Drug of choice for systemic dermatophytosis - Griseofulvin

Drug of choice ▪️ Pregnancy

Drug of choice
PREGNANCY

▪️Drug of choice for ectopic pregnancy - Methotrexate

▪️Drug of choice for induction of labor - Oxytocin

▪️Drug of choice for postpartum hemorrhage - Oxytocin

▪️ Drug of choice for hypertension in pregnancy
▪️ Drug of choice for endometriosis - Danazol - Alpha Methyldopa

▪️Drug of choice for asthma - Beta 2 agonists

▪️Drug of choice for postpartum breast engorgement - Oxytocin

▪️ Drug of choice for seizures in eclampsia - Magnesium sulphate

▪️Drug of choice in seizures during pregnancy- Phenobarbitone

▪️Drug of choice for the hypertensive emergency in pregnancy - Labetalol

▪️Drug of choice for postpartum hemorrhage - Oxytocin

▪️Drug of choice for falciparum malaria in pregnancy - Quinine

▪️Drug of choice for cerebral malaria - Quinine

▪️ Drug of choice for gonorrhea - Penicillin or Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy - Spiramycin

▪️Drug of choice for malaria in pregnancy - Chloroquine

▪️Drug of choice for acne - Erythromycin (oral) / Benzylbenzoate (Topical)

▪️Drug of choice for epilepsy in pregnancy - Phenobarbitone

▪️Drug of choice for mania in pregnancy - Olanzapine

▪️ Drug of choice for hyperthyroidism - Propylthiouracil

▪️Drug of choice for hypothyroidism - Levothyroxine

▪️Drug of choice for bacterial vaginosis in 1st trimester - Clindamycin

▪️Drug of choice cholera in pregnancy - Furazolidone

▪️Drug of choice for typhoid fever in pregnancy - Ceftrixone or Ampicillin

▪️Drug of choice for amoebiasis - Metronidazole (Contraindicated in 1st trimester)

▪️Drug of choice for amoebiasis in Ist trimester - Furazolidone

▪️Drug of choice for preventing neural tube defect - Folic acid

▪️Drug of choice for anticoagulation in pregnancy - Heparin

▪️Drug of choice for mania - Lithium

▪️Drug of choice for mysthenia gravis - Neostigmine

▪️Drug of choice for thromboflebitis - Aspirin

▪️Drug of choice for urinary tract infection during pregnancy - Ampicillin

▪️Drug of choice for HIV in pregnancy - Zidovudine and Nevirapine

▪️Drug of choice for resistant typhoid - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for tuberculosis - INH with rifampicin

▪️Drug of choice for vitamin B12 deficiency - Cynacobalamin

▪️Drug of choice for iron deficiency - Ferrous sulphate

▪️Drug of choice for antiplatelet action - Aspirin

▪️Drug of choice for anxiety - Benzodiazepines

▪️Drug of choice for pain - Aspirin / Paracetamol

▪️Drug of choice for depression in pregnancy - Tricyclic antidepressant

▪️Drug of choice for superficial thrombophlebitis - Asprin

▪️Drug choice for bacterial vaginosis in 1st trimester in pregnancy - Clindamycin

▪️Drug choice for rosacea - NSAIDS

▪️Drug choice for rheumatoid arthritis - Aspirin

▪️Drug choice for schizophrenia - Phenothiazines (Eg: Haloperidol)

▪️Drug choice for seborrhic dermatitis - Salicylic acid

Drug of choice ENDOCRINOLOGY

Drug of choice
ENDOCRINOLOGY

🔹Drug of choice lithium-induced diabetes mellitus - Amiloride

🔹Drug of choice for steroid-induced osteoporosis - Zolindrate (Bisphosphonates)

🔹Drug of choice for prostate cancer - GNRH Analogues (Eg: buserelin)

🔹Drug of choice for neurogenic diabetes insipidus - Desmopressin

🔹Drug of choice for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - Thiazides

🔹Drug of choice for acute adrenal insufficiency - Hydrocortisone (I.V)

🔹Drug of choice for postprandial hyperglycemia - Nateglinide (Maglitinide derivative)

🔹Drug of choice for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) - Metformin (Bigunides)

🔹Drug of choice for type I diabetes mellitus (DM) - Regular Insulin

🔹Drug of choice for diabetes mellitus in pregnancy - Regular Insulin

🔹Drug of choice for uncontrolled diabetes mellitus - Regular Insulin

🔹Drug of choice for diabetic ketoacidosis - Regular Insulin

🔹Drug of choice for diabetes in renal and hepatic failure - Regular Insulin

🔹Drug of choice for diabetes in renal failure - Repaglinide (Maglitinide derivative)

🔹Drug of choice for prevention of breast cancer - Tamoxifen

🔹Drug of choice for prevention of diabetes - Metformin

🔹Drug of choice for severe hypoglycemia in case of insulinoma - Diazoxide (Potassium channel opener)

🔹Drug of choice for emergency contraception - Mifepristone

🔹Drug of choice for polycystic ovarian disease - Clomiphene citrate

🔹Drug of choice for oligospermia - Clomiphene citrate

🔹Drug of choice for corpus luteum insufficiency - Clomiphene citrate

🔹Drug of choice for anovulatory infertility - Clomiphene citrate

🔹Drug of choice for post coital contraception - Mifepristone

🔹 Drug of choice for hirsutism - Cyproterone acetate (Androgen receptor antagonist)

🔹Drug of choice for large prostate - Finasteride ( 5 alpha reductase inhibitor)

🔹Drug of choice for inducing labour - Oxytocin

🔹 Drug of choice for BPH - Tamsulosin

🔹Drug of choice for postmenopausal osteoporosis - Raloxifene or Bisphosphonates

🔹 Drug of choice for acute & chronic adrenal insufficiency - Hydrocortisone (Shortest acting glucocorticoid)

🔹 Drug of choice for congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Hydrocortisone

🔹Drug of choice for tumor induced brain edema - Dexamethasone (Long acting glucocorticoid)

🔹Drug used for mineralocorticoid replacement - Fludrocortisone

🔹 Drug of choice for Premenstrual syndrome - SSRI's (Eg: Fluxetine)

🔹 Drug of choice for dysfunctional uterine bleeding - NSAIDS

🔹Drug of choice for androgenic alopecia - Finasteride (5 Alpha reductase inhibitor)

🔹Drug of choice for hypothyroidism - Levothyroxine

🔹Drug of choice for hypothyroidism in children (cretinism) - Thyroxine

🔹Drug of choice for myxedema coma - Levothyroxine

🔹Drug of choice for reducing thyroid gland vascularity - Potassium iodide

🔹Drug of choice for hyperprolactinemia - Bromocriptine

🔹Drug of choice for acute gout - NSAID (Indomethacin)

🔹 Drug of choice for chronic gout - Allopurinol (Xanthine oxidase inhibitor)

🔹Drug of choice for thyroid storm - Propylthiouracil

🔹Drug of choice for making patient euthyroid before surgery - Potassium jodide

🔹 Drug of choice for thyroid cancer - Levothyroxine

🔹Drug of choice for grave's disease - Methimazole (Antithyroid drug)

🔹Drug of choice for thyroid ablation - 1 131

🔹Drug of choice for thyroid storm in India - Potassium iodide

🔹Drug of choice for reducing somatic manifestations of hyperthyroidism - Propranolol

🔹Drug of choice for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - Regular Insulin

🔹Drug of choice for pheochromocytoma - Phenoxybenzamine (Alpha blocker)

🔹Drug of choice for acute hypercalcemia - Furosemide (Loop diuretic)

🔹Drug of choice for hypercalcemia due to malignancy - Bisphosphonate

6. Dermatologists

Doctors and their roles

6. Dermatologists

Dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the skin, hair, and nails. They have expertise in dealing with a wide range of skin issues, from common skin problems to complex skin diseases.

Here are some key aspects of dermatology and the role of dermatologists:

▪️Education and Training: Dermatologists undergo extensive education and training to become qualified practitioners. They complete four years of medical school to earn a medical degree (M.D. or D.O.), followed by a residency program focused on dermatology. Residency training typically lasts three to four years and involves hands-on experience in diagnosing and managing various skin conditions under the supervision of experienced dermatologists.

▪️Skin Conditions: Dermatologists are trained to diagnose and treat numerous skin conditions, including acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, skin cancer, rosacea, hair loss, and many others. They also address cosmetic concerns such as aging, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation.

▪️Medical Procedures: Dermatologists perform various medical procedures to treat or manage skin conditions. These procedures may include skin biopsies, mole removal, cryotherapy (freezing of abnormal skin cells), laser treatments, chemical peels, phototherapy (light therapy), and surgical interventions. Dermatologists also conduct skin cancer screenings and provide recommendations for sun protection.

▪️Cosmetic Dermatology: Many dermatologists offer cosmetic dermatology services alongside medical treatments. These services may include injectables (such as Botox and dermal fillers), laser treatments for skin rejuvenation, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and other aesthetic procedures aimed at enhancing the appearance of the skin.

▪️Skin Cancer Detection: Dermatologists play a crucial role in detecting and treating skin cancer. They are trained to recognize the signs of skin cancer during routine examinations and can perform biopsies to confirm the diagnosis. Early detection and treatment of skin cancer greatly improve the chances of successful outcomes.

▪️Collaboration: Dermatologists often work in collaboration with other medical specialists, such as oncologists, rheumatologists, allergists, and plastic surgeons, depending on the specific needs of their patients. They may refer patients to other specialists or work together to provide comprehensive care.

▪️Preventive Care and Patient Education: Dermatologists also focus on preventive care and patient education. They provide guidance on maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, and offer advice on sun protection, proper skincare routines, and the use of appropriate products. Dermatologists may also educate patients about the early signs of skin conditions and encourage regular self-examinations.

It's important to note that while dermatologists are highly skilled in diagnosing and treating skin conditions, they may have different areas of expertise within the field. Some dermatologists specialize in pediatric dermatology, cosmetic dermatology, dermatopathology (diagnosing skin conditions through laboratory analysis), or other specific subfields.

If you have any concerns about your skin, hair, or nails, it's recommended to consult a dermatologist for proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.

🍁Types

In dermatology, there are several types or subfields that dermatologists may specialize in. These subfields focus on specific areas or aspects of dermatology and allow dermatologists to develop expertise in particular conditions or patient populations. Here are some common types of dermatology:

▪️Pediatric Dermatology: Pediatric dermatologists specialize in diagnosing and treating skin conditions in infants, children, and adolescents. They are knowledgeable about skin diseases that specifically affect this age group, such as eczema, birthmarks, genetic skin disorders, and skin infections.

▪️Cosmetic Dermatology: Cosmetic dermatologists primarily focus on improving the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. They provide various treatments to enhance the aesthetics of the skin, including Botox injections, dermal fillers, laser resurfacing, chemical peels, and microdermabrasion. Cosmetic dermatologists may also offer advice on skincare routines and recommend appropriate products.

▪️Dermatopathology: Dermatopathologists are dermatologists with specialized training in diagnosing skin diseases through laboratory analysis. They examine skin tissue samples obtained through biopsies or other procedures and interpret the findings under a microscope. Dermatopathologists often work closely with dermatologists to provide accurate diagnoses and guide treatment decisions.

▪️Mohs Surgery: Mohs surgeons are dermatologists who specialize in a precise surgical technique called Mohs surgery. This procedure is used to remove skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, with minimal damage to healthy tissue. Mohs surgeons are skilled in both surgical excision and microscopic examination of the removed tissue to ensure complete removal of cancer cells.

▪️Dermatologic Oncology: Dermatologic oncologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer, including melanoma and other types of skin malignancies. They work closely with other specialists, such as surgical oncologists and radiation oncologists, to provide comprehensive care for patients with skin cancer.

▪️Immunodermatology: Immunodermatologists focus on the diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated skin diseases. These conditions arise due to abnormalities in the immune system, resulting in inflammation and damage to the skin. Examples of immune-mediated skin diseases include psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, and dermatomyositis.

▪️Dermatologic Surgery: Dermatologic surgeons perform surgical procedures to treat various skin conditions, including skin cancer removal, scar revision, skin grafts, and cosmetic procedures. They have expertise in different surgical techniques and may work closely with other specialists, such as plastic surgeons, to achieve optimal results.

▪️Dermatologic Allergy: Dermatologists specializing in dermatologic allergy focus on diagnosing and managing allergic skin conditions, such as contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and urticaria (hives). They identify allergens that trigger skin reactions and develop personalized treatment plans to alleviate symptoms and prevent future flare-ups.

It's important to note that while these are common types of dermatology, there may be other specialized areas within the field as well. Dermatologists may also pursue additional certifications or fellowships to further specialize in specific aspects of dermatology.

🍁Roles

Dermatologists have several important roles in healthcare. Here are some of the key roles they fulfill:

▪️Diagnosis and Treatment: One of the primary roles of dermatologists is to diagnose and treat various skin conditions, hair disorders, and nail problems. They utilize their medical knowledge, clinical skills, and diagnostic tools to assess patients, identify the underlying causes of their dermatological issues, and develop appropriate treatment plans. This may involve prescribing medications, performing procedures, or providing surgical interventions.

▪️Skin Cancer Detection and Management: Dermatologists play a critical role in the early detection and treatment of skin cancer. They are trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of skin cancer during routine examinations. Dermatologists may perform skin biopsies to confirm a diagnosis, and if skin cancer is detected, they can provide guidance on the most suitable treatment options, which may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, or topical treatments.

▪️Preventive Care and Education: Dermatologists emphasize preventive care and patient education. They educate individuals about proper skincare routines, sun protection measures, and the early signs of skin conditions. By raising awareness and providing guidance on preventive measures, dermatologists help patients maintain healthy skin and reduce the risk of developing skin diseases or complications.

▪️Dermatologic Surgery: Dermatologists perform a variety of surgical procedures to treat dermatological conditions. They may remove skin cancers, perform Mohs surgery for precise tumor removal, excise benign growths or lesions, and address other surgical needs. Dermatologic surgeons are skilled in minimizing scarring and achieving optimal cosmetic outcomes.

▪️Cosmetic Procedures: Many dermatologists offer cosmetic procedures to enhance the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. They may provide injectable treatments like Botox and dermal fillers to reduce wrinkles and restore volume, laser therapies for skin rejuvenation, chemical peels to improve skin texture and tone, and other aesthetic treatments tailored to the individual's goals.

▪️Research and Clinical Trials: Dermatologists actively engage in research and clinical trials to advance the understanding of dermatological conditions and develop new treatment options. Their involvement in research helps drive innovation in the field and contributes to improving patient care and outcomes.

▪️Collaboration with Other Specialists: Dermatologists often collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care to their patients. They may work closely with oncologists, rheumatologists, allergists, plastic surgeons, and other specialists to address complex cases or manage skin conditions that are part of broader systemic diseases.

▪️Advocacy and Public Health: Some dermatologists also engage in advocacy efforts and public health initiatives to promote skin health and raise awareness about the importance of sun protection, early detection of skin cancer, and the management of common skin conditions. They may participate in community outreach programs, educational campaigns, and professional organizations to support public health initiatives related to dermatology.

Overall, dermatologists play a crucial role in diagnosing, treating, and managing various skin, hair, and nail conditions.

Their expertise extends to preventive care, surgical interventions, cosmetic procedures, and collaboration with other specialists, all aimed at improving patients' dermatological health and well-being.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE SPECIALISTS

Doctors and their roles

5. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE SPECIALISTS

Critical care medicine specialists, also known as intensivists, are medical doctors who specialize in the care and management of critically ill patients. They are experts in providing comprehensive care to patients who require intensive monitoring, advanced life support, and specialized treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Here are some key points about critical care medicine specialists:

1. Training and Education: Critical care medicine specialists are typically trained as internal medicine physicians or anesthesiologists before pursuing further specialization in critical care. After completing their primary residency, they undertake additional fellowship training in critical care medicine, which focuses on the care of critically ill patients in the ICU.

2. ICU Management: Intensivists are responsible for the overall management and coordination of care in the ICU. They oversee a multidisciplinary team that includes nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. They make critical decisions regarding patient treatment plans, respond to emergencies, and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

3. Multisystem Expertise: Critically ill patients often have complex medical conditions affecting multiple organ systems. Intensivists have in-depth knowledge and expertise in managing various conditions such as severe respiratory failure, sepsis, trauma, cardiac arrest, organ failure, and postoperative care. They utilize advanced monitoring techniques and diagnostic tools to assess patients and tailor treatment plans accordingly.

4. Advanced Life Support: Intensivists are skilled in providing advanced life support techniques such as mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic monitoring, cardiac resuscitation, and renal replacement therapy (dialysis). They are proficient in invasive procedures like intubation, central line placement, and chest tube insertion, which may be necessary in critical situations.

5. Collaborative Approach: Intensivists work closely with other specialists, including surgeons, cardiologists, neurologists, infectious disease specialists, and others, to provide comprehensive care for critically ill patients. They collaborate with these experts to develop and implement individualized treatment strategies that address the unique needs of each patient.

6. Research and Teaching: Many critical care medicine specialists are involved in clinical research and teaching activities. They contribute to the advancement of critical care knowledge by conducting studies, publishing research papers, and participating in academic conferences. They also play a role in educating medical students, residents, and fellows about critical care principles and practices.

7. 24/7 Availability: Critically ill patients require continuous monitoring and timely interventions. Intensivists are available round-the-clock, ensuring that there is always a specialist present or readily accessible in the ICU to manage emergent situations and make critical decisions promptly. 

Critical care medicine specialists are highly trained physicians who specialize in the management of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. 

Their expertise, advanced skills, and multidisciplinary approach are vital in providing optimal care and improving outcomes for patients facing life-threatening conditions.

TYPES:

Critical care medicine specialists can have different areas of focus or sub-specializations within the field. 

Here are a few common types of critical care medicine specialists:

1. Surgical Intensivists: These intensivists have a background in surgery and specialize in the care of critically ill surgical patients. They play a crucial role in the postoperative management of patients who have undergone complex surgical procedures, including monitoring for complications, pain management, wound care, and optimization of organ function.

2. Medical Intensivists: Medical intensivists are internists who specialize in the care of critically ill medical patients. They manage a wide range of medical conditions in the ICU, such as respiratory failure, sepsis, heart failure, kidney failure, and neurological emergencies. They have expertise in diagnosing and treating complex medical problems and providing comprehensive medical care to critically ill patients.

3. Neurointensivists: Neurointensivists are critical care medicine specialists with additional training in neurology or neurosurgery. They focus on the management of critically ill patients with neurological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and neurologic infections. They have specialized knowledge in neurocritical care and employ advanced monitoring techniques to assess and manage brain function.

4. Pediatric Intensivists: Pediatric intensivists specialize in the care of critically ill infants, children, and adolescents. They are trained in both pediatrics and critical care medicine, allowing them to address the unique medical needs of pediatric patients in the ICU. They manage a wide range of conditions specific to children, including respiratory distress, severe infections, congenital anomalies, and postoperative care following pediatric surgeries.

5. Cardiac Intensivists: Cardiac intensivists focus on the care of critically ill patients with cardiac conditions. They specialize in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and those recovering from cardiac surgeries or interventions. They have expertise in advanced cardiac monitoring, hemodynamic support, and managing complex cardiovascular emergencies.

6. Burn Intensivists: Burn intensivists are critical care medicine specialists who specialize in the management of patients with severe burn injuries. They are knowledgeable in burn resuscitation, wound care, infection control, and the unique metabolic and physiological changes that occur in burn patients. They work closely with a multidisciplinary team to provide comprehensive care for burn victims.

These are just a few examples of the different types of critical care medicine specialists. There may be other sub-specializations based on specific areas of focus or patient populations. 

It's important to note that while these specialties exist, many critical care medicine specialists have a broad expertise and can provide comprehensive care to a wide range of critically ill patients.

ROLES:

Critical care medicine specialists have various roles and responsibilities in the care of critically ill patients. Here are some of the key roles they fulfill:

1. Patient Evaluation and Diagnosis: Critical care medicine specialists assess and evaluate critically ill patients to diagnose their medical conditions accurately. They review medical history, perform physical examinations, interpret diagnostic tests and imaging studies, and gather relevant data to develop a comprehensive understanding of the patient's condition.

2. Treatment Planning and Management: Intensivists develop individualized treatment plans for critically ill patients based on their diagnoses, medical history, and current condition. They coordinate the overall care of patients in the ICU, collaborating with other healthcare professionals to implement and adjust treatment strategies. This includes prescribing and adjusting medications, ordering diagnostic tests and procedures, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment.

3. Advanced Life Support: Critical care medicine specialists are skilled in providing advanced life support techniques. They manage airway and breathing support, including intubation and mechanical ventilation, as well as hemodynamic monitoring, fluid resuscitation, and cardiovascular support. They may also perform procedures such as central line placement, arterial line insertion, and thoracentesis.

4. Medical Procedures: Intensivists are proficient in performing various medical procedures required in critical care settings. These can include bedside procedures such as lumbar punctures, chest tube insertions, bronchoscopy, and ultrasound-guided interventions. They ensure that procedures are performed safely and effectively, minimizing patient discomfort and complications.

5. Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Critical care medicine specialists work closely with a multidisciplinary team to provide comprehensive care to critically ill patients. They collaborate with nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, nutritionists, social workers, and other specialists to address the diverse needs of patients. This team-based approach ensures coordinated care and promotes optimal patient outcomes.

6. Emergency Response: Intensivists are prepared to respond to emergencies in the ICU, including cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, sepsis, and other life-threatening situations. They lead resuscitation efforts, coordinate the team's response, and make critical decisions quickly to stabilize and save the patient's life.

7. Patient and Family Communication: Critical care medicine specialists communicate with patients and their families, providing information about the patient's condition, treatment options, and prognosis. They offer support, address concerns, and help patients and families make informed decisions about their care. They also provide emotional support during difficult times and facilitate discussions about end-of-life care when necessary.

8. Teaching and Research: Many critical care medicine specialists are involved in teaching medical students, residents, and fellows. They share their knowledge and expertise through lectures, case discussions, and hands-on training. Additionally, some intensivists are actively engaged in research, conducting clinical studies, publishing scientific papers, and contributing to advancements in critical care medicine.

These roles collectively contribute to the comprehensive and specialized care provided by critical care medicine specialists to ensure the best possible outcomes for critically ill patients.

Drug of choice ▪️OPTHALMOLOGY

Drug of choice
OPTHALMOLOGY

▪️Drug of choice for open-angle glaucoma - Prostaglandins analogs

▪️Drug of choice for closed-angle glaucoma - Acetazolamide

▪️Drug of choice for secondary glaucoma - Beta blocker

▪️Drug of choice for inclusion conjunctivitis - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for trachoma - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) - Timolol

▪️Drug of choice for Xerostomia - Cevimeline

▪️Drug of choice for corneal ulcer - Cyclopentolate

▪️Drug of choice for hypertension with glaucoma - Timolol

▪️Drug of choice for iridocyclitis - Atropine

▪️Which beta blocker is the drug of choice in open angle glaucoma - Timolol

▪️Drug of choice for hepatic keratitis - Idoxuridine

▪️Drug of choice for fungal corneal ulcer - Natamycin

▪️Drug of choice for uveal herpetic keratitis - Acyclovir

▪️Drug of choice for preventing meiosis during cataract surgery - Flurbiprofrn

▪️Drug of choice for mild allergic conjunctivitis - Topical antihistaminics

▪️Drug of choice for decreasing intra ocular pressure before Osmotic diuretics (Eg: Manitol)

▪️Drug of choice for decreasing high intra ocular pressure - Osmotic diuretics

▪️Drug of choice for recurrent anterior uveitis - NSAID's

▪️Drug of choice for reducing intra ocular pressure in diabetes - Osmotic diuretics

Drug of choice URINARY SYSTEM

Drug of choice 

URINARY SYSTEM

▪️Drug of choice for RPGN - Cyclophosphamide

▪️Drug of choice for lupus nephritis - Cyclophosphamide

▪️Drug of choice for nephrotic syndrome - Steroids

▪️Drug of choice for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome - Cyclosporine 

▪️Drug of choice for steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome - Cyclophosphamide 

▪️Drug of choice for urinary retention - Bethanechol

▪️ Drug of choice for enuresis - Imipramine

▪️Drug of choice for hemorrhagic cystitis - Mesna

▪️Drug of choice for patient allergic to thiazides and loop diuretics - Ethacrynic acid

▪️Drug of choice for forced alkaline diuresis - Furosemide 

▪️Drug of choice for cerebral edema - Mannitol (Osmotic diuretic)

▪️Drug of choice for malignant hypertension - Furosemide 

▪️Drug of choice for edema in liver cirrhosis - Furosemide

▪️Drug of choice for hypercalcemia - Furosemide (Loop diuretic)

▪️Drug of choice for edema in congestive heart failure - Furosemide

▪️Drug of choice for edema in renal failure - Furosemide 

▪️Drug of choice for idiopathic hypercalciuria - Thiazide (Eg: hydrochlorothiazide)

▪️Drug of choice for calciuria due to hyperparathyroidism - Thiazides

▪️Drug of choice for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - Thiazides

▪️Drug of choice for lithium induced nephropathy - Thiazides 

▪️Drug of choice for hyperuricemia in renal failure - Allopurinol 

▪️Drug of choice for gout in renal failure - Allopurinol

▪️Drug of choice for lesh nyhan syndrome - Allopurinol

▪️Drug of choice for urate nephropathy - Allopurinol (Xanthine oxidase inhibitor)

▪️Drug of choice for alkalization of urine - Acetazolamide 

▪️Drug of choice for Conn's syndrome primary hyperaldosteronism Spironolactone

▪️Drug of choice for secondary hyperaldosteronism - Spironolactone 

▪️Drug of choice for thiazide induced hypoklemia - Spironlactone

List of emergency drugs to patients, purpose, procedure and risks

John Korsah

Q: List of emergency drugs to patients, purpose, procedure and risks

Some commonly used emergency drugs that healthcare providers may use in different situations:

▪️Epinephrine: used to treat severe allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, and cardiac arrest
▪️Aspirin: used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke
▪️Nitroglycerin: used to treat angina and heart attack
▪️Albuterol: used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions
▪️Glucose: used to treat low blood sugar in diabetic patients
▪️Naloxone: used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose
▪️Atropine: used to treat bradycardia and some types of poisoning
▪️Diazepam: used to treat seizures and anxiety
▪️Lidocaine: used to treat ventricular arrhythmias and local anesthesia
▪️Dopamine: used to treat shock and low blood pressure.
▪️Adenosine: used to treat supraventricular tachycardia
▪️Calcium chloride: used to treat calcium channel blocker toxicity, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia
▪️Sodium bicarbonate: used to treat acidosis and some types of poisoning
▪️Ketamine: used for procedural sedation and analgesia, as well as for rapid sequence intubation in critically ill patients
▪️Heparin: used to prevent and treat blood clots
▪️Furosemide: used to treat congestive heart failure and fluid overload
▪️Morphine: used to treat severe pain, such as in the case of myocardial infarction or trauma
▪️Dextrose: used to treat hypoglycemia and to provide calories and fluids in critically ill patients.
▪️Amiodarone: used to treat ventricular arrhythmias and to stabilize the heart's rhythm during cardiac arrest
▪️Sodium nitroprusside: used to treat hypertensive crisis and congestive heart failure
▪️Epinephrine autoinjector: a self-administered injection used to treat anaphylaxis in patients with known allergies
▪️Activated charcoal: used to treat certain types of poisoning by absorbing toxins in the digestive tract
▪️Dexamethasone: used to treat severe allergic reactions, as well as some types of inflammation and swelling
▪️Magnesium sulfate: used to treat certain types of arrhythmias, as well as eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in pregnant women
Propranolol: used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain types of arrhythmias
▪️Rocuronium: used as a muscle relaxant during intubation and other medical procedures.
▪️Atropine sulfate: used to treat bradycardia and as a pre-medication prior to anesthesia
▪️Midazolam: used to treat seizures and anxiety, as well as for procedural sedation and analgesia
▪️Dexmedetomidine: used for sedation and analgesia in critically ill patients
▪️Propofol: used for anesthesia induction and maintenance, as well as for procedural sedation and analgesia
▪️Ketorolac: used to treat moderate to severe pain, such as in the case of post-operative pain or renal colic
▪️Ondansetron: used to treat nausea and vomiting, such as in the case of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
▪️N-acetylcysteine: used to treat acetaminophen toxicity and prevent liver damage
▪️Tranexamic acid: used to treat or prevent excessive bleeding, such as in the case of traumatic injury or surgery.

It is important to note that the use of these drugs should be guided by a healthcare professional who has training and experience in emergency medicine.

➡️ Purpose

The purpose of emergency drugs is to provide immediate medical intervention to address life-threatening or time-sensitive medical emergencies. These drugs are designed to quickly alleviate symptoms, stabilize vital signs, and prevent further complications until the patient can receive definitive treatment.

The use of emergency drugs is often necessary in situations such as cardiac arrest, severe allergic reactions, respiratory distress, trauma, and overdose. In these situations, the prompt administration of appropriate medications can be critical to saving the patient's life or preventing long-term damage.

Emergency drugs are typically administered by trained healthcare professionals who have the knowledge and skills to safely and effectively use these medications in emergency situations. However, in some cases, patients may be instructed to self-administer emergency drugs, such as in the case of an epinephrine autoinjector for severe allergic reactions.

It is important to note that emergency drugs should only be used when medically necessary and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider. The inappropriate use of emergency drugs can lead to serious complications and should be avoided.

➡️ Procedure

The procedure for administering emergency drugs varies depending on the drug and the specific medical emergency being treated. In general, the administration of emergency drugs involves the following steps:

▪️Assessment and diagnosis: The healthcare provider will assess the patient's condition and diagnose the medical emergency. This involves evaluating the patient's vital signs, medical history, and current symptoms.

▪️Drug selection: Based on the patient's diagnosis and medical history, the healthcare provider will select the appropriate emergency drug and dose.

▪️Preparation: The healthcare provider will prepare the emergency drug for administration, following the manufacturer's instructions for reconstitution and dilution if necessary.

▪️Administration: The healthcare provider will administer the emergency drug using the appropriate route of administration, which may include intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or inhalation. The provider will monitor the patient's response to the medication and adjust the dose or route of administration if necessary.

▪️Monitoring: The healthcare provider will continue to monitor the patient's vital signs, symptoms, and response to treatment. They will also monitor for potential side effects or adverse reactions to the medication.

▪️Follow-up: After the administration of the emergency drug, the healthcare provider will continue to monitor the patient's condition and provide further treatment as needed. They may also provide instructions for follow-up care or referral to a specialist if necessary.

It is important to note that the administration of emergency drugs should only be performed by trained healthcare professionals who have the knowledge and skills to safely and effectively use these medications in emergency situations.

➡️ Risks

Like all medications, emergency drugs carry potential risks and side effects. Some of the risks associated with the use of emergency drugs include:

▪️Adverse reactions: Emergency drugs can cause adverse reactions such as allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, respiratory depression, and hypotension.

▪️Drug interactions: Emergency drugs may interact with other medications the patient is taking, potentially leading to adverse effects or decreased efficacy.

▪️Administration errors: Misuse or incorrect dosing of emergency drugs can lead to adverse effects, including severe side effects or treatment failure.

▪️Delayed definitive treatment: While emergency drugs can provide immediate relief and stabilize the patient's condition, they are not a substitute for definitive treatment. Delaying definitive treatment can lead to complications and worsen the patient's outcome.

▪️Masking underlying conditions: In some cases, the use of emergency drugs can mask underlying conditions, making it more difficult to diagnose and treat the underlying cause of the emergency.

It is important to note that the potential risks associated with the use of emergency drugs should always be weighed against the potential benefits of their use. Emergency drugs should only be used when medically necessary and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider with training and experience in emergency medicine.

 

Drug of choice CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Drug of choice
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

▪️Drug of choice for digoxin toxicity - Potassium

▪️1st line drug of choice for CHF- ACE inhibitors (Eg: Captopril, Enalapril)

▪️Drug of choice for rapid fast diuresis - Loop diuretics (Eg: Furosemide)

▪️Drug of choice for multi-focal atrial tachycardia - Verapamil (Calcium channel blocker)

▪️Drug of choice for paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia (PSVT) - Adenosine (Anti-arrhythmic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for supra-ventricular tachycardia (SVT) - Verapamil

▪️Drug of choice for digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmia - Lignocaine (Anti-arrhythmic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias - Lidocaine

▪️Drug of choice for ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation - Lidocaine

▪️Drug of choice for ventricular extra-systole - Beta blocker (Eg: Atenolol)

▪️Drug of choice for atrial fibrillation - Digitalis

▪️Drug of choice for maintaining sinus rhythm - Amiodarone (Anti-arhythmic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome - Procainamide or Amiodarone

▪️Drug of choice for digitalis-induced arrhythmia - Lignocaine

▪️Drug of choice for acute left ventricular failure - I.V Furosemide

▪️Drug of choice for the scleroderma induced hypertensive crisis - ACE inhibitors

▪️Drug of choice for acute long QT syndrome - MgSO4

▪️Drug of choice for congenital long QT syndrome - Beta blocker

▪️Drug of choice for hypertension with peripheral vascular disease - Calcium channel blockers

▪️Drug of choice for the Hypertensive emergency - Sodium nitroprusside (Vasodilator)

▪️Drug of choice for malignant hypertension - Nitroprusside (Vasodilator)

▪️Drug of choice for producing controlled hypotension - Sodium nitroprusside

▪️Drug of choice for pulmonary hypertension - Bosentan

▪️Drug of choice for atrial flutter and fibrillation - Ibutilide

▪️Drug of choice for paradoxical tachycardia - Digoxin (Digitalis glycosides)

▪️Drug of choice for angina - Nitrates (Vasodilator)

▪️ Drug of choice for prophylaxis of stable angina - Beta blockers

▪️Drug of choice for variant angina - Calcium channel blockers (Eg: Verapamil)

▪️Drug of choice for the cardiogenic shock with renal failure - Dopamine

▪️Drug of choice for pulmonary edema with Congestive heart failure (CHF) - Furosemide (Loop diuretic)

▪️Drug of choice for rheumatic fever - Benzathine, Penicillin

▪️Drug of choice for TOF - Morphine

▪️Drug of choice for reducing mortility in CHF - Spironolactone

▪️Drug of choice for inotropic effect - Dobutamine

▪️Drug of choice for a hypertensive patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - Alpha 1 Blocker (Eg: Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Alfuzosin)

▪️Drug of choice for perioperative arrhythmias - Esmolol (Cardio selective beta blocker)

What is NURSING SCIENCE?

What is NURSING SCIENCE?

At primary level 

At a primary level, nursing science refers to the study of the basic principles and practices of nursing. It involves learning about the foundational concepts of nursing, such as the nursing process, patient assessment, and communication skills, as well as the scientific basis for nursing interventions and treatments.

Nursing science is a field of study that integrates knowledge from the natural, social, and behavioral sciences to understand and promote health and wellness. It involves the application of critical thinking, problem-solving, and evidence-based practice to provide safe and effective care to individuals, families, and communities.

In essence, nursing science is the study of how nurses can best care for patients, using a scientific approach to inform their practice. It involves learning about the human body and mind, as well as the environmental and social factors that can impact health and well-being. By understanding these factors, nurses can develop effective strategies to help patients achieve and maintain optimal health.

At Intermediate 

At an intermediate level, nursing science builds upon the foundational concepts and principles learned at the primary level. It involves a deeper exploration of the biological, psychological, and social sciences that underpin nursing practice.

Intermediate-level nursing science courses may cover topics such as pathophysiology, pharmacology, mental health nursing, and community health nursing. Students will learn about the underlying mechanisms of disease and the physiological effects of medications, as well as how to identify and manage mental health disorders.

In addition to learning about the science of nursing, intermediate-level nursing students will also develop their clinical skills through supervised practice in a variety of healthcare settings. They will learn how to assess patients, develop care plans, administer medications, and provide other nursing interventions.

Therefore Intermediate-level nursing science courses aim to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the scientific basis for nursing practice, as well as the skills and knowledge needed to provide safe and effective care to patients across the lifespan.

At Pre advanced level 

At a pre-advanced level, nursing science continues to build upon the foundational and intermediate concepts and skills learned in previous levels, with a focus on further developing critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills.

Pre-advanced nursing science courses may include topics such as leadership and management in nursing, nursing research and evidence-based practice, and advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology. These courses aim to provide students with a more in-depth understanding of the complex biological, psychological, and social factors that can impact health outcomes, and how to apply this knowledge to the development of nursing interventions and treatment plans.

In addition to classroom learning, pre-advanced nursing students will typically engage in supervised clinical practice in a variety of healthcare settings, gaining experience in managing complex patient cases and working collaboratively with other healthcare professionals.

At this level, students may also have the opportunity to specialize in a particular area of nursing, such as critical care, pediatrics, or oncology, through elective courses or clinical placements.

Therefore pre-advanced nursing science courses prepare students to take on more complex roles within healthcare organizations and to become leaders in their field, with the knowledge and skills needed to make evidence-based decisions and provide the highest quality of care to their patients.

At Advanced level 

At an advanced level, nursing science focuses on preparing students to assume leadership roles in healthcare organizations, conduct research, and contribute to the development of nursing theory and practice.

Advanced nursing science courses may include topics such as healthcare policy and ethics, advanced nursing research and statistics, and population health and epidemiology. Students will learn about the complex social, economic, and political factors that influence healthcare systems and how to develop and implement strategies to improve patient outcomes and promote health equity.

In addition to classroom learning, advanced nursing students will typically engage in extensive clinical practice, including specialized clinical rotations and preceptorships. They may also have the opportunity to conduct research and participate in interdisciplinary collaborations with other healthcare professionals.

Advanced nursing students may choose to specialize in a particular area of nursing practice, such as nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse educator, or nurse researcher. These roles require advanced knowledge and skills in areas such as patient assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions.

Therefore advanced nursing science programs prepare students to take on complex leadership roles in healthcare organizations, conduct research that contributes to the advancement of nursing practice, and make significant contributions to the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities.

Colon and Rectal Surgeons

Colon and Rectal Surgeons

🍁

Colon and rectal surgeons, also known as proctologists or colorectal surgeons, are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. They are experts in the surgical and non-surgical management of a wide range of disorders, including colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and fecal incontinence.

Colon and rectal surgeons undergo extensive training in general surgery and then complete additional training in the specialized field of colorectal surgery. They may also pursue additional subspecialty training in areas such as pelvic floor disorders or surgical oncology.

These specialists use a variety of techniques to manage colorectal conditions, including minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopy and robotic surgery, as well as traditional open surgery. They work closely with other medical professionals, such as gastroenterologists and oncologists, to provide comprehensive care for their patients.

Types: 

There are various types of conditions that colon and rectal surgeons can diagnose and treat. Some of the common conditions they manage include:

1. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the colon or rectum. Colon and rectal surgeons play a crucial role in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of this condition.

2. Inflammatory bowel disease: This is a group of conditions that cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Colon and rectal surgeons work closely with gastroenterologists to manage these conditions and may perform surgery when necessary.

3. Anal conditions: This includes conditions such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and anal abscesses. Colon and rectal surgeons can diagnose and treat these conditions using a variety of techniques, including surgery.

4. Rectal prolapse: This is a condition where the rectum protrudes through the anus. Colon and rectal surgeons can perform surgical procedures to correct this condition.

5. Fecal incontinence: This is the inability to control bowel movements. Colon and rectal surgeons may use various treatments, including medications and surgery, to manage this condition.

6. Pelvic floor disorders: This includes conditions such as rectocele, cystocele, and vaginal prolapse. Colon and rectal surgeons may work with other specialists, such as urogynecologists, to manage these conditions.

Roles

Colon and rectal surgeons play several important roles in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of conditions affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. Some of these roles include:

1. Diagnosis: Colon and rectal surgeons use a variety of diagnostic tools to identify conditions affecting the colon and rectum, such as colonoscopies, sigmoidoscopies, and biopsies.

2. Treatment: Depending on the diagnosis, colon and rectal surgeons may use a variety of treatment options, such as medications, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery. They work closely with patients to develop an individualized treatment plan based on their unique needs.

3. Surgery: Colon and rectal surgeons are experts in surgical techniques for the treatment of conditions affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. They may use minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotic surgery to minimize recovery time and discomfort for their patients.

4. Follow-up care: After treatment, colon and rectal surgeons provide ongoing care and monitoring for their patients to ensure that they continue to receive the appropriate care for their condition.

5. Patient education: Colon and rectal surgeons play an important role in educating their patients about their condition and treatment options. They help patients make informed decisions about their care and empower them to take an active role in their health.

Therefore colon and rectal surgeons play a vital role in the management of conditions affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. 

Their expertise and specialized training enable them to provide high-quality, individualized care to their patients.

Drug of choice RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Drug of choice 

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

🍁

• Drug of choice for COPD - Anticholinergics (Eg:Tiotropium)

• First line drugs for tuberculosis - Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin (RIPES)

• Drug of choice for testing bronchial hyperactivity - Methacholine (Non- selective muscarinic receptor agonist)

• Drug of choice for pulmonary edema with Congestive heart failure (CHF) - Furosemide (Diuretic)

• Drug of choice for a vasodilatory shock - Norepinephrine

• Drug of choice for persistent hiccups - Carbon Dioxide

• Drug of choice for apnea in premature infants - Theophylline 

• Drug of choice for exercise induced asthma - Mast cell stabilizers (Eg: Sodium Cromoglycate) 

• Drug of choice for asprin induced asthma - Leukotriene antagonist (Eg: Montelukast)

• Drug of choice for starting treatment of asthma - Inhaled beta 2 agonist (Eg: salmeterol) 

• Drug of choice for bronchospasm with COPD - Ipratropium Bromide

•Drug of choice for smoking cessation - Nicotine 

• Drug of choice for liquefying plaques of sputum in patients with cystic fibrosis - Acetylcysteine

• Drug of choice for temporal arteritis - Corticosteroid -  Sodium

• Drug of choice for prophylaxis of exercise induced asthma chromoglycate

• Drug of choice for pulmonary edema - Furosemide

• Drug of choice for dry itchy cough - Codeine

• Drug of choice for acute asthma attack - Salbutamol (Short acting Selective Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist) 

• Drug of choice for persistent asthma - Inhaled corticosteroid

• Drug of choice for an asthmatic patient with hypertension - Amlodipine

• Drug of choice for Pneumocystis carinii - Cotrimoxazole

• Drug of choice for suppression of cough - Dextromethorphan 

• Drug of choice for ACE inhibitor induced cough - Asprin

• Drug of choice for asthma in diabetes - Ipratropium

• Drug of choice for beta blocker induced bronchospas - Ipratropium bromide

• Drug of choice for mild persistent - Inhaled low dose corticosteroid or Mast cell stabilizers or leukotrienes antagonist

• Drug of choice for moderate persistent asthma - Inhaled corticosteroid with long acting beta 2 agonist

• Drug of choice for severe persistent asthma - High dose Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) + Long acting beta 2 agonists (LABA) +Oral corticosteroid

• Drug of choice for poorly controlled asthma - Theophylline

• Drug of choice for prophylaxis of asthma - Sodium cromoglycate (Mast cell stabilizer)

2. Allergists/Immunologists

2. Allergists/Immunologists

Allergists/Immunologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies and immune system disorders in children and adults. They may work in hospitals, clinics, or private practices.

Some of the roles of allergists/immunologists include:

▪️Diagnosing and treating allergies: Allergists/immunologists use various tests and methods to diagnose allergies, such as skin prick tests, blood tests, and elimination diets. They then develop treatment plans, which may include medications, immunotherapy, and lifestyle changes.

▪️Managing asthma: Allergists/immunologists often work with patients who have asthma, a chronic respiratory condition that can be triggered by allergies. They develop personalized treatment plans to help patients manage their symptoms and prevent asthma attacks.

▪️Treating immune system disorders: Allergists/immunologists also diagnose and treat a range of immune system disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and hypersensitivity reactions.

▪️Conducting research: Some allergists/immunologists conduct research to improve the understanding of allergies and immune system disorders and develop new treatments and therapies.

▪️Educating patients and families: Allergists/immunologists educate patients and their families on how to manage allergies and immune system disorders, including how to recognize symptoms and how to use medications and other treatments effectively.

▪️Collaborating with other healthcare professionals: Allergists/immunologists work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as primary care physicians, pulmonologists, and dermatologists, to provide comprehensive care to patients.

2. Types 

There are two main types of allergists/immunologists:

▪️Pediatric allergists/immunologists: Pediatric allergists/immunologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies and immune system disorders in children, from infants to adolescents. They may also work with children who have inherited or congenital immune deficiencies.

▪️Adult allergists/immunologists: Adult allergists/immunologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies and immune system disorders in adults. They may work with patients who have developed allergies or immune system disorders later in life or who have inherited or acquired immune deficiencies.

In addition to these two main types, there are also subspecialties within the field of allergists/immunologists, such as:

▪️Asthma and allergy specialists: These allergists/immunologists focus specifically on the diagnosis and treatment of asthma and allergies.

▪️Clinical immunologists: These allergists/immunologists focus on the diagnosis and treatment of immune system disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and hypersensitivity reactions.

▪️Immunotherapy specialists: These allergists/immunologists specialize in the use of immunotherapy, such as allergy shots or sublingual immunotherapy, to treat allergies.

▪️Occupational allergists/immunologists: These allergists/immunologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies and immune system disorders related to occupational exposure, such as allergies to latex or chemicals in the workplace.

3. Roles

Allergists/Immunologists have several roles, including:

▪️Diagnosing and treating allergies: Allergists/immunologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, which can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the body, such as the skin, respiratory system, and digestive system. They use various tests and methods to diagnose allergies, such as skin prick tests, blood tests, and elimination diets, and then develop personalized treatment plans, which may include medications, immunotherapy, and lifestyle changes.

▪️Managing asthma: Allergists/immunologists also specialize in managing asthma, a chronic respiratory condition that can be triggered by allergies. They work with patients to develop personalized treatment plans to help them manage their symptoms and prevent asthma attacks.

▪️Treating immune system disorders: Allergists/immunologists also diagnose and treat a range of immune system disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and hypersensitivity reactions.

▪️Conducting research: Some allergists/immunologists conduct research to improve the understanding of allergies and immune system disorders and develop new treatments and therapies.

▪️Educating patients and families: Allergists/immunologists educate patients and their families on how to manage allergies and immune system disorders, including how to recognize symptoms and how to use medications and other treatments effectively.

▪️Collaborating with other healthcare professionals: Allergists/immunologists work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as primary care physicians, pulmonologists, and dermatologists, to provide comprehensive care to patients.

▪️Managing allergic reactions: Allergists/immunologists also manage severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. They may prescribe medications such as epinephrine auto-injectors to help patients manage these reactions in emergency situations.

Cardiologists

Cardiologists

Cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart and cardiovascular diseases. They are experts in the structure, function, and diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Cardiologists may perform a variety of procedures and tests to diagnose and treat heart conditions, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, stress tests, cardiac catheterizations, and angioplasties.

They may also prescribe medications, recommend lifestyle changes, or perform surgeries such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or valve replacement.

Cardiologists work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as primary care physicians, nurses, and cardiovascular surgeons, to provide comprehensive care for patients with heart conditions.

▪️Types:

There are several types of cardiologists, each with their own area of expertise:

1. Non-Invasive Cardiologists: They diagnose and treat heart diseases without performing any invasive procedures. They use imaging techniques such as echocardiography, stress tests, and electrocardiograms to diagnose heart conditions.

2. Interventional Cardiologists: They perform minimally invasive procedures, such as angioplasty, to treat heart conditions. They use catheters to access the heart and blood vessels to perform the procedures.

3. Electrophysiologists: They specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart rhythm disorders, such as arrhythmias. They use techniques such as ablation, pacemaker implantation, and cardioversion to restore normal heart rhythm.

4. Pediatric Cardiologists: They specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions in children and young adults. They may perform procedures such as catheterizations or surgeries to treat congenital heart defects.

5. Adult Congenital Cardiologists: They specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions in adults who were born with congenital heart defects. They work closely with pediatric cardiologists to provide lifelong care for patients with these conditions.

6. Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiologists: They specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure and may perform heart transplant surgeries to replace a damaged heart with a healthy one.

▪️Roles:

Cardiologists play several important roles in the healthcare system, including:

1. Diagnosing and treating heart conditions: Cardiologists are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of heart and cardiovascular diseases. They use a range of diagnostic tools and treatment options to help patients manage their conditions and improve their quality of life.

2. Managing risk factors: Cardiologists work with patients to manage risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. They may recommend lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, or prescribe medications to help control these risk factors.

3. Performing procedures: Cardiologists may perform a range of procedures, such as angioplasty, stent placement, or pacemaker implantation, to treat heart conditions and improve heart function.

4. Providing ongoing care: Cardiologists provide ongoing monitoring and care for patients with heart conditions. They may adjust treatment plans as needed and provide guidance on managing symptoms and reducing the risk of complications.

5. Research and education: Many cardiologists are involved in research and education, working to improve our understanding of heart disease and develop new treatments and therapies. They may also educate patients and the public on heart health and disease prevention.

Drug of choice POISONING

Drug of choice
POISONING

▪️Drug of choice for paracetamol poisoning - N-Acetyl cysteine

▪️Drug of choice for organophosphate poisoning - Atropine

▪️Drug of choice for methotrexate toxicity - Folinic Acid

▪️Drug of choice for ethylene glycol poisoning - Fomepizole

▪️Drug of choice for warfarin poisoning - Vitamin K

▪️Drug of choice for heparin poisoning - Protamine sulphate

▪️Drug of choice for acute mercury - Dimercaprol

▪️Drug of choice for theophylline poisoning - Beta blockers

▪️Drug of choice for iron poisoning - Deferoxamine

▪️Drug of choice for copper poisoning - D- Penicillamine or Zinc acetate

▪️Drug of choice for acute arsenic poisoning - Dimercaprol

▪️Drug of choice for carbamate poisoning - Atropine

▪️Drug of choice for calcium channel blocker poisoning - Calcium with Glucagon

▪️Drug of choice for lead poisoning - DMSA

▪️Drug of choice for anticholinergic drug poisoning - Physostigmine 

▪️Drug of choice for methylxanthines poisoning - Beta blocker

▪️Drug of choice for ergot alkaloid poisoning - Sodium nitroprusside

▪️Drug of choice for alpha 1 agonist poisoning - Phentolamine

▪️Drug of choice for beta 2 agonist poisoning - Propranolol

▪️Drug of choice for carbon dioxide poisoning - Hyperbaric oxygen

▪️Drug of choice for chronic mercury poisoning - N-acetyl- penicillamine

▪️Drug of choice for Beta blocker poisoning - Glucagon

▪️Drug of choice for antipsychotic poisoning - Sodium bicarbonate with lidocaine

▪️Drug of choice for INH poisoning - Vitamine B6

▪️Drug of choice for cyanide poisoning - Amyl Nitrate

▪️Drug of choice for opiod overdose - Naloxone

▪️Drug of choice for aspirin poisoning - Vitamin K fresh frozen plasma

▪️Drug of choice for benzodiazepines poisoning - Flumazenil

▪️Drug of choice for iodine poisoning - Starch

ANESTHESIOLOGISTS

 

ANESTHESIOLOGIST

An anesthesiologist is a medical doctor who specializes in administering anesthesia to patients before, during, and after surgical procedures. Anesthesia is a state of temporary unconsciousness or loss of sensation that allows a patient to undergo surgery or other medical procedures without feeling pain or discomfort. Anesthesiologists are also responsible for monitoring the patient's vital signs during the procedure and adjusting the anesthesia as needed to ensure the patient's safety and comfort.

Anesthesiologists work closely with other members of the surgical team, including surgeons, nurses, and surgical technicians. They also play a critical role in the management of pain after surgery and in the treatment of patients with chronic pain conditions.

Types:

There are several types of anesthesia that anesthesiologists may use to achieve the desired level of unconsciousness or pain relief for a patient during a surgical procedure. Some of the most common types of anesthesia include:

1. General anesthesia: This is a state of complete unconsciousness that is achieved through the use of intravenous medications and inhalational agents. General anesthesia is typically used for more complex surgeries or procedures.

2. Regional anesthesia: This involves numbing a specific region of the body, such as an arm or a leg, using a local anesthetic. Regional anesthesia is often used for procedures in which the patient needs to remain conscious or for patients who are not good candidates for general anesthesia.

3. Local anesthesia: This involves numbing a small area of the body using a local anesthetic. Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor procedures, such as dental work or minor skin surgeries.

4. Sedation: This involves giving the patient medications to help them relax and feel drowsy during a procedure without being fully unconscious. Sedation is often used for minor procedures such as colonoscopies or endoscopies.

Anesthesiologists may also use a combination of these different types of anesthesia, depending on the specific needs of the patient and the type of surgery or procedure being performed.

Roles:

Anesthesiologists play several important roles in the surgical process, including:

1. Pre-operative assessment: Before a surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist will meet with the patient to assess their medical history, current health status, and any medications or allergies they may have. This helps the anesthesiologist determine the most appropriate type and dosage of anesthesia to use for the procedure.

2. Administration of anesthesia: During the surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist is responsible for administering the appropriate type and amount of anesthesia to the patient. They closely monitor the patient's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels, and adjust the anesthesia as needed to ensure the patient's safety and comfort.

3. Pain management: Anesthesiologists also play a key role in managing pain after surgery, working with the patient to develop a plan for pain relief during the recovery process.

4. Emergency response: In the event of a medical emergency during surgery, the anesthesiologist is trained to respond quickly and effectively to stabilize the patient.

5. Patient safety: Anesthesiologists work closely with other members of the surgical team to ensure that the patient is safe and comfortable throughout the surgical process.

The role of the anesthesiologist is to ensure that the patient is safe and comfortable before, during, and after surgery, and to manage any complications that may arise during the procedure.

 

 

Drug of Choice - ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Drug of Choice - ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

▪️Drug of choice for gram negative sepsis - Piperacillin with Toberamycin

▪️Drug of choice for gram positive sepsis - Vancomycin with Gentamicin

▪️Drug of choice for toxic shock syndrome (Group A strep.) - Penicillin with Clindamycin

▪️Drug of choice for necrotizing fasciitis (Group A streptococcus) - Penicillin

▪️Drug of choice for prophylaxis of cardiac lesions in infective endocarditis - Amoxicillin

▪️Drug of choice for impetigo - Penicillin G

▪️Drug of choice for meningococcal meningitis - Penicillin G

▪️ Drug of choice for severe falciparum and chlorquinine resistant malaria - Quinine

▪️Drug of choice for enterococcus faecium - Linezolid

▪️Drug of choice for animal bite - Amoxicillin

▪️Drug of choice for otitis media - Amoxicillin

▪️Drug of choice for dirty wound prophylaxis - Cefazolin

▪️Drug of choice for pneumococcal pneumonia in adults - Amoxicillin

▪️Drug of choice for typhus fever - Chloramphenicol

▪️Drug of choice for lice infection - 1% permethrin

▪️Drug of choice for dental prophylaxis in infective endocarditis - Clarithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for cellulitis - Oxacillin

▪️Drug of choice for severe infection in penicillin allergic patient - Vancomycin

▪️Drug of choice for serious upper respiratory infections by atypical pathogens - Doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for endocardial prophylaxis in patients allergic to penicillin - Vancomycin

▪️Drug of choice for histoplasmosis - Amphotericin B

▪️Drug of choice for invasive streptococcal infection - Clindamycin

▪️Drug of choice for dermatitis herpetiformis - Aspirin

▪️Drug of choice for cryptoccocus - Fluconazole

▪️Drug of choice for vulvovaginal candidiasis - Fluconazole

▪️Drug of choice for pyrazinamide induced hyperuricemia - Aspirin

▪️Drug of choice for systemic fungal infection - Amphotericin B

▪️Drug of choice for CMV retinitis - Gancyclovir

▪️Drug of choice for condyloma accuminata - Podophyline

▪️Drug of choice for cholera - Doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for chlamydiae - Tetracycline (Eg: Doxycycline)

▪️Drug of choice for tropical sprue - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for relapsing fever - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for rocky spotted mountain fever - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for tick typhus - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for scrubs typhus - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for syphilis - Penicillin G

▪️Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis - Cotrimoxazole

▪️Drug of choice for legionella - Azithromycin or Levofloxacin

▪️Drug of choice for lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for kala-azar - Sodium Stibogluconate

▪️Oral drug of choice for kala-azar - Miltefosine

▪️Drug of choice for plague - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for brucella - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for tularemia - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for rhinoscleroma - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for actinomycosis - Penicillin-G

▪️Drug of choice for leprosy - Dapsone

▪️The most effective drug against Mycobacterium leprae - Rifampicin

▪️Drug of choice for microspora - Albendazole

▪️Drug of choice for serious upper urinary tract infections - Aminoglycosides

▪️Drug of choice for serious upper respiratory infections by atypical pathogens - Doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for endocardial prophylaxis in patients allergic to penicillin - Vancomycin

▪️Drug of choice for histoplasmosis - Amphotericin B

▪️Drug of choice for invasive streptococcal infection - Clindamycin

▪️Drug of choice for dermatitis herpetiformis - Aspirin

▪️Drug of choice for cryptoccocus - Fluconazole

▪️Drug of choice for vulvovaginal candidiasis - Fluconazole

▪️Drug of choice for pyrazinamide induced hyperuricemia - Aspirin

▪️Drug of choice for systemic fungal infection - Amphotericin B

▪️Drug of choice for CMV retinitis - Gancyclovir

▪️Drug of choice for condyloma accuminata - Podophyline

▪️Drug of choice for cholera - Doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for chlamydiae - Tetracycline (Eg: Doxycycline)

▪️Drug of choice for tropical sprue - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for relapsing fever - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for rocky spotted mountain fever - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for tick typhus - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for scrubs typhus - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for syphilis - Penicillin G

▪️Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis - Cotrimoxazole

▪️Drug of choice for legionella - Azithromycin or Levofloxacin

▪️Drug of choice for lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for kala-azar - Sodium Stibogluconate

▪️Oral drug of choice for kala-azar - Miltefosine

▪️Drug of choice for plague - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for brucella - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for tularemia - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for rhinoscleroma - Streptomycin

▪️Drug of choice for actinomycosis - Penicillin-G

▪️Drug of choice for leprosy - Dapsone

▪️The most effective drug against Mycobacterium leprae - Rifampicin

▪️Drug of choice for herpes zoster - Valaciclovir

▪️Drug of choice for herpes simplex - Acyclovir

▪️Drug of choice for influenza - Oseltamivir

▪️Drug of choice for blood fluke - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for lung fluke - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for typhoid (Enteric fever) - I.V Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for leptospirosis - Penicillins

▪️Drug of choice for Plasmodium vivax - Chloroquine

▪️Drug of choice for Plasmodium falciparum - Artemisinin combination therapy (Artesunate + Pyrimethamine + Sulfadoxine)

▪️Drug of choice for cerebral malaria - Artesunate

▪️Drug of choice for malaria - Chloroquine

▪️Drug of choice for chloroquine-resistant malaria - Artemisinin combination therapy (Artesunate + Pyrimethamine + Sulfadoxine) - Streptomycin with doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for brucella

▪️Drug of choice for candida - Fluconazole

▪️Drug of choice for aspergillosis - Voriconazole

▪️Drug of choice for dermatophytosis- Topically (Azole), Systemic (Griseofulvin)

▪️Drug of choice for Chagas disease - Nifurtimox, Benznidazole

▪️Drug of choice for dysuria - Phenazopyridine

▪️Drug of choice for gonorrhea - Procaine Penicillin

▪️Drug of choice for syphilis - Procaine penicillin

▪️Drug of choice for rickettsial infection - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for plague - Tetracycline

▪️Drug of choice for anthrax - Doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis - Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole

▪️Drug of choice for Haemophilus influenza type B - Rifampicin

▪️Drug of choice for prophylaxis of tuberculosis - Isoniazid

▪️Drug of choice for diarrhea in HIV patient - Octreotide

▪️Drug of choice for acyclovir-resistant herpes - Foscarnet

▪️Drug of choice for hepatitis B - Limuvidine

▪️Drug of choice for hepatitis C - Ribavarine & Interferon 2 alpha

▪️Drug of choice for lava migrans - Albendazole

▪️Drug of choice for inflammatory - Sulphasalazine

▪️Drug of choice for prophylaxis of newborn to TB mother- INH

▪️Drug of choice for accidental exposure of HIV to health care workers-Zidovudine with Lamivudine

▪️Drug of choice for salmonella - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for meningitis - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for gonorrhea - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for resistant pneumococcal infections - Ceftriaxone Second line drug of choice for filariasis - Ivermectin

▪️Drug of choice for tapeworm infestation - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for strongyloidiasis (Threadworm) - Ivermectin

▪️Drug of choice for onchocerciasis (River Blindness) - Ivermectin

▪️Drug of choice for tetanus - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for listeria Ampicillin

▪️Second line drug of choice for listeria - SMZ -TMP (Sulphamethoxazole, Trimethoprim)

▪️Drug of choice for MRSA - Vancomycin

▪️Drug of choice for vancomycin-resistant staph aureus (VRSA) - Linezolid

▪️Drug of choice for neonatal meningitis - Ampicillin + 3rd generation Cephalosporin

▪️Drug of choice for bacteriosides fragialis - Clindamycin

▪️Drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for amebiasis - Metronidazole Drug of choice for trench mouth - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for bacterial vaginosis - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for amoebic liver disease - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for trichomoniasis - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for giardiasis - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for extraluminal amebiasis - Metronidazole Drug of choice for antibiotic-induced colitis - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for anaerobic infections - Metronidazole Drug of choice for gonorrhea - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for H.pylori eadication - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for whooping cough - Erythromycin

▪️Drug of choice for cat scratch disease - Erythromycin

▪️Drug of choice for campylobacter infections - Erythromycin

▪️Drug of choice for gonococcal urethritis - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for chancroid - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for legionellosis - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for trachoma - Azithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for inflammed acne - Minocycline

▪️Drug of choice for cystic acne - Isotretinoin

▪️Drug of choice for urinary tract infection - Norfloxacin

▪️Drug of choice for scabies - Permethrin

▪️Oral drug of choice for scabies - Ivermectin

▪️Drug of choice for filariasis - Diethyl Carbamazine (DEC)

▪️Drug of choice for listeria monocytogenes - Ampicillin

▪️Drug of choice for enterococcus fecalis - Ampicillin

▪️Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis - Cotrimoxazole

▪️Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy - Spiramycin

▪️Drug of choice for schistosomiasis - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for leishmaniasis - Amphotericin B

▪️Drug of choice for Aspergillosis - Amphotericin B

▪️Drug of choice for roundworm (Ascaris) - Albendazole (Anti helminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) - Albendazole (Antihelminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for hookworm - Albendazole (Anti helminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for whip worm - Albendazole (Anti helminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for trichinae worm (Trichinella spiralis) - Albendazole (Antihelminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) - Albendazole (Anti helminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for hydatid disease - Albendazole

▪️Drug of choice for filarial worm - Ivermectin (Anti helminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) - Ivermectin (Antihelminthic agent)

▪️Drug of choice for pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for dog tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus) - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana) - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) - Triclabendazole

▪️Drug of choice for blood fluke - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for lung fluke - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for community acquired pneumonia - Clarithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for surgical prophylaxis - Cefazolin

▪️Drug of choice for pneumocystis carnii - Cotrimoxazole

▪️Drug of choice for cholera in children - Cotrimoxazole

▪️Drug of choice for filarial worm-Di-Ethyl Carbamazepine

▪️Drug of choice for Platyhelminthes - Praziquantel

▪️Drug of choice for trichomoniasis - Metronidazole

▪️Drug of choice for extended spectrum bacterial lactamase - Carbapenem

▪️Drug of choice for otitis media - Amoxicillin

▪️Drug of choice for Nocardia - Sulfonamides

▪️Drug of choice for neurosyphilis - Aqueous penicillin

▪️Drug of choice for donovanosis - Azithromycin or Doxycycline

▪️Drug of choice for Neisseria - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for Cryptococcus - For induction( Amphotericin), for maintenance (Fluconazole)

▪️Drug of choice for Neurocysticercosis - Albendazole

▪️Drug of choice for typhoid (Enteric fever) - LV Ceftriaxone

▪️First line drugs for tuberculosis - Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin (RIPES)

▪️Drug of choice for tuberculosis in renal failure - Rifampicin

▪️Drug of choice for prevention of tuberculosis in susceptible individuals - INH

▪️Drug of choice for treatment of tuberculosis in HIV positive patients taking protease inhibitor - Rifabutin

▪️Drug of choice for MDR strains of tuberculosis - Amikacin

▪️Drug of choice for latent tuberculosis - INH

▪️Drug of choice for INH resistant patients of latent tuberculosis - Rifampin

▪️Drug of choice for leprosy - Rifampin

▪️Drug of choice for lepra 1 reaction - Glucocorticoids

▪️Drug of choice for lepra 2 reaction - Glucocorticoids

▪️ Treatment of choice for multibacillary leprosy - Rifampin with Dapsone & Clofazamine

▪️Drug of choice for hot water born tuberculosis in hospital (M.xenopi)-Clarithromycin

▪️Drug of choice for cutaneous TB caused by atypical mycobacteria - Clarithromycin.

▪️Drug of choice for meningococcal prophylaxis - Ciprofloxacin

▪️Drug of choice for meningococcemia - Ceftriaxone

▪️Drug of choice for post spleenectomy sepsis - Ceftriaxone